Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 19 pp 19421—19439

Figure 1. Traumatic brain injury impaired cognitive functions. (A) Experimental design sketch. (B) The mNSS scoring were measured after TBI and in control/sham operation. (C, D) The open field showed no difference in the total distance covered (C) and in the zone crossing (D). (E, F) Novel object recognition test (NOR) showed the measured recognition index of the new object in 2 hours (E) and 24 hours (F). (G, H) Fear conditioning test showed the freezing time for 2 hours (G) and 24 hours (H). (I–L) In the Morris water maze (MWM) test, the latency to find the hidden platform from day 1-5 (I), the spatial memory was tested by removing the platform (J) and the time spent in the target quadrant (K) and swimming speed (L) were measured. n=10/10. p value significance is calculated from a one-way ANOVA, data are represented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs control group.