Two bioassays (d-ROMs and BDNF) by groups at the baseline and follow-up. SG: Synapsology exercise group; CG: control group. Effect size (Cohen’s d): |0.2≤d<0.5|=small, |0.5≤d<0.8|=moderate, |0.8≤d|=large. Asterisk shows statistical significance at P<0.05.