Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 17 pp 21251—21267
Betulinic acid induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis via Bmi-1/ROS/AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis in human bladder cancer cells
Figure 4. BA-mediated ROS generation induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in bladder cancer cells. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of ROS generation in DCFH-DA-loaded EJ and T24 cells exposed to BA at 0, 10, and 25 μM for 24 h. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of ROS generation in EJ and T24 cells pre-exposed to NAC. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis. (D) The CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate NAC effect on BA-triggered cytotoxicity. (E) Western blot analysis of p-AMPKα (Thr172), cleaved PARP, p-mTOR (Ser2448), p-ULK1 (Ser555), Bcl-2, p62, and LC3B II levels. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.